Abstract: I document that upside earnings opportunities predict stock market entry, and that separating favorable from adverse earnings variation reveals economically important differences that total variance conceals. I measure earnings distributions in historical Current Population Survey records and link them to subsequent portfolio transitions in the Survey of Income and Program Participation. At a given mean earnings growth and variance, a one-standard-deviation increase in upside composition predicts 1.6 percentage points more entry into stocks and mutual funds, nearly one fifth of the sample entry rate. The association extends to entry followed by ownership at two subsequent annual observations. A participation-cost model shows how favorable realizations can finance entry even at unchanged mean and variance. In an estimated life-cycle model, earnings dynamics estimated by industry, education and age reproduce the opposing signs of the entry relationships that pooled dynamics miss, without targeting either relationship. The model suggests that earnings opportunities shape participation mainly through the resources households have available to invest.

Abstract: Using transaction-level data on 189,530 Chinese retail investors over the 2013–2016 boom and bust, we measure experience as counts of large realized gains and losses and examine how these counts relate to the disposition effect, the tendency to sell winners and hold losers. A two-standard-deviation increase in accumulated large losses raises the propensity to sell winners rather than losers by about 23% of the baseline effect, while an equivalent increase in gains lowers it by about 21%. Under composition-matched simulations, experience-independent selling rules do not reproduce this asymmetry. To explain both the baseline effect and this asymmetry, we build a memory-based recall model in which similarity-weighted retrieval of past outcomes guides selling. A single retrieval channel reproduces all three patterns without shifting preferences.

Abstract: Why do some homes remain difficult to sell even at lower prices? I study valuation difficulty and housing liquidity using 354,502 completed Beijing resales and a separate cohort of 16,108 active listings. Configuration rarity and prior comparable-sale scarcity provide measures that do not use the home's own price. A full-unit increase in the within-community–month rarity rank corresponds to approximately 16–27 percent longer selling time and 1.5–3.4 percent lower prices, depending on attribute controls. In the active cohort, the corresponding gap in the probability of a linked same-spell sale during follow-up is 3.5–8.0 percentage points. Negotiated price gaps have larger absolute deviations from local means. Among listings without recorded revisions, the asking-price–duration slope falls from 2.44 to 0.48 across submarket-dispersion quintiles. A search model interprets these patterns through average willingness to pay, buyer disagreement, and seller reservation values. Its quantitative decomposition retains a positive price contribution from optimistic buyer selection, offset by a larger valuation discount. Most of the fitted delay arises when sellers adjust incompletely to that discount. The results connect valuation difficulty to the price, speed, and completion of housing transactions.

Abstract: Do early labor markets leave a financial legacy beyond the earnings measured later in a career? I study women's own deposits and securities over 29 waves of the Japanese Panel Survey of Consumers, using a consistent measure before and after marriage. Comparing childhood prefectures within predicted-entry cohorts, a one-standard-deviation weaker local market is associated with about 150,000 yen less in later personal financial assets, ten percent of the mean. Deposits account for almost all of the difference. A birth-cohort population defined independently of schooling preserves a positive relationship with mean conditions at ages 18, 20 and 22, equivalent to about 105,000 yen; the age-18 estimate is less precise. Favorable conditions over these ages also accompany more regular employment. Comparisons of assets and resources over common five-year age windows do not establish faster accumulation at equal income. The results connect early labor-market conditions to the financial assets women report as their own, measured consistently through marriage and career interruptions.

Abstract: An employer insurance mandate can introduce a new household payment for a dependent spouse while replacing contributions already paid by another worker. We study this distinction in Japan's 2016 expansion of employee social insurance using longitudinal data on married part-time women. Employer-size exposure and pension status are fixed before the 2012 announcement. From announcement to enforcement, the large-versus-small-firm gap in membership in the ¥1.06–1.29 million earnings band falls 21.1 percentage points more for dependent spouses than for workers already contributing directly. Separately reported earnings from all jobs yield a 15.4-point estimate. Documented nonenrolled employment at 20 or more weekly hours also declines differentially. The earnings pattern reverses an announcement-period increase; net changes from the earlier baseline are less precisely estimated. Together, the findings document how the timing and distribution of adjustment under an employer mandate differ with workers' pre-existing household insurance arrangements.

Abstract: Can lower prices sustain housing trade when buyers cannot acquire the school rights enjoyed by existing owners? I study a Beijing reform that preserved the previous admission rules for eligible homeowners, while new buyers faced assignment across several schools. Linking enrollment notices to housing transactions, I compare winter-to-spring changes around January 2019 with the same seasons in earlier years. Sales remain roughly flat in formerly key-school neighborhoods but rise in ordinary-school neighborhoods. After adjusting for earlier seasonal patterns, the gap in relative sales growth is 32–45 percent; transaction prices are also 4–5 percent lower relative to ordinary-school neighborhoods. A matching model explains why price reductions need not restore trade when a sale changes the rights attached to a home. The model also shows that portable school rights can facilitate exchange while reducing other families' access when school places are fixed.

Abstract: Industrial employment can facilitate marriage through stable earnings while delaying household formation when jobs, housing, and residence are allocated together. We study this tension in China's Third Front using the 1982, 1990, and 2000 population censuses. In 1982, a 13.7-percentage-point increase in the registered heavy-industry share is associated with a 4.23-point larger gap in never-married rates between ages 20–24 and 30–34 inside designated provinces than elsewhere. Predetermined siting controls reduce the differential to 2.24 points. Retrospective first-marriage histories observed in 2000 yield a similar age profile, and education shares account for 15.5 percent of a comparable young–old gap. However, comparisons of pre-campaign and build-out cohorts do not yield a robust additional marriage shift inside Third Front provinces. The evidence documents a recurring association between industrial composition and young singlehood, rather than a causal effect of the construction campaign. It distinguishes a demographic pattern among residents of industrial places from an effect assigned to people exposed to a particular industrial policy.